One of the resources that are threatened by its sustainability is fishery resources. The potential of existing natural resources can basically be used to fulfill human needs. However, as the human population increases, the need for resources also increases while the amount of resources is limited. Utilization of resources that exceed the carrying capacity will cause a decrease in resources and trigger environmental degradation. Fishery resource management initially only focused on developing the economic aspect. This is because there is a misconception that fish resources can be recovered so that they can be exploited on a large scale, and maximize the production of fish catches to pursue maximum profits.
In its development, the fishery management paradigm has shifted to a sustainable concept which not only emphasizes the economic aspect, but also the ecological and social aspects. Considering the vast territorial waters of Indonesia so as to optimize the management of fishery resources, the Government establishes the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia through the regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 1 of 2009 which has been amended through the regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 18 of 2014 which in this case water management Indonesian seas are divided into several units of the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (WPPNRI). WPPNRI is divided into 11 (eleven) fisheries management areas, one of which is WPP 718.
WPP-NRI 718 covers the Aru Sea, Arafuru Sea and East Timor Sea which are part of the sahul shelf and geographically borders the Papua mainland and Banda Sea in the north, and directly borders with 3 (three) countries namely Australia, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea. Administratively, this WPP consists of 3 (three) Provincial Governments namely Papua, West Papua and Maluku, as well as 8 (eight) Regency/City Governments covering Southeast Maluku, Southeast Maluku, Southwest Maluku, Merauke, Mappi, Asmat, Mimika and Aru Islands (WPP-NRI RPP document 718, 2014).
Fish Resource Potential
The Arafura Sea (WPP 718) is one of the most fertile waters in the world, so fishery resources in these waters are relatively abundant, especially shrimp and demersal fish. The shrimp catching business in these waters has been carried out for a long time, started by a joint venture between Indonesia and Japan in the 1970s based in Sorong and Ambon. In its development, the shrimp fishing base in the Arafura Sea has expanded to the Merauke, Tual, Benjina, Kaimana, Ambon and Kendari areas (WPPNRI's book Potential of Marine and Fishery Resources 718, 2016). Fish resources contained in WPP-NRI 718 consist of 5 main groups, namely large pelagic fish, small pelagic fish, demersal fish, reef fish and shrimp.
1. Big Pelagic Fish
The types of large pelagic fish that are important in the waters of the Arafura Sea are tuna (lisong tuna, krai tuna, and komo tuna), shark, marlin and mackerel, yellowfin tuna (yellowfin tuna), bigeye tuna and skipjack tuna.
2. Small Pelagic Fish
Groups of small pelagic fish caught included the Selar (Caranx spp), tetengkek (Megalaspis cordyla), black pomfret (Forio niger), flying fish (Cypselurus spp), julung-julung (Hemirhampus spp), kuwe (Caranx sexfasciatus), mackerel (Rastrelliger spp), banyar (Rastreliliger kanagurta), tembang (Sardinella fimbriata) and jackfruit seed fish (Upeneus vittatus).
3. Demersal Fish
The types of demersal fish found included catfish (Arius spp), side fish (Psettodes erumei), blue lalosi (Caesio caerulaurea), white pomfret (Pampus argentus), white snapper (Lates carcarifer), lencam (Lethrinus spp), kuniran ( Upeneus sulphureus), red snapper (Lutjanus spp) and layur (Trichiurus spp).
4. Coral Fish
Types of reef fish caught included yellowtail fish (Caesio cuning), napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus), grouper and baronang (Siganus spp).
5. Other types of shrimp and crustaceans
More than 17 species of Penaeid shrimp are found in Arafura waters and only 5-6 species are commercially cultivated and exported, namely the Penaeid shrimp group: white/jerbung shrimp (Penaeus merguensis), tiger/tiger shrimp (P. monodon), flower shrimp (P. P. semisulcatus, P. esculantus), queen shrimp (P. latisulcatus), dogol shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis, M. endeavori) and krosok shrimp (Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Trachypenaeus asper, Solenocera subnuda). In addition, in WPP 718, many fan shrimp (Thennus orientalis) and green mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata) were also found.
Fishery Management Status
As an effort to manage fishery resources in WPP-NRI 718, several issues have been identified which are then used as management goals and targets which are covered in 3 aspects, namely fish resources and the environment, socio-economic and governance. Therefore, to integrate the three aspects that balance the socio-economic objectives by considering environmental sustainability into a unified comprehensive and sustainable management system, an ecosystem approach is used, known as the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM).
Based on the results of an initial study conducted by the Directorate of Fish Resources, Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in collaboration with WWF-Indonesia and the Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies, Bogor Agricultural University in 2011, it shows the status of fisheries management in WPP 718 in EAFM indicators are as follows:
|
No |
Domain |
Value |
Description |
|
1 |
Fish Resource |
243 |
Good |
|
2 |
Habitat and ecosystem |
263 |
Excellent |
|
3 |
Fishing Techniques |
217 |
Good |
|
4 |
Social |
167 |
Medium |
|
5 |
Economy |
200 |
Medium |
|
6 |
Institutional |
178 |
Medium |
|
Aggregate |
211 |
Good |
|
In the context of optimizing the management of fishery resources, Indonesian waters are divided into 11 (eleven) management areas called the Republic of Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas (WPP-NRI). One of the WPP-NRIs that has potential for fishery resources, especially in the types of shrimp and demersal fish, is WPP-NRI 718. Based on an initial study conducted by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in 2011 with the EAFM indicator, the results show that the aggregate status is in the "good" category. . however, in 2016, the government has issued the status of the utilization rate of fishery resources in WPP-NRI 718 as being in the over-exploited category (E value 1).
Source: Ministry of Marine Affairs and Inspection of the Republic of Indonesia
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